What is the Human Metapneumovirus?
The Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a common respiratory virus responsible for upper and lower respiratory infections. Discovered in 2001, evidence indicates that this widespread virus has been causing respiratory illnesses globally for at least 50 years. It is typically active during winter and early spring, much like the flu and respiratory syncytial virus.
HMPV infections are self-limiting and typically resolve with symptomatic care. The increases utilization of molecular diagnostic tests has significantly contributed towards recognizing HMPV as a major pathogen responsible for upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Currently, the diagnosis is made clinically or through molecular biological techniques, such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), and enzyme immunoassay.
Symptoms and Risk Factors
While HMPV is known to affect people of all ages, the high-risk populations include children under the age of five, older adults, and immuno-compromised individuals. Common symptoms of HMPV infection include:
- Cold
- Cough
- Sore throat
- Fever
- Shortness of breath
Generally, adults experience mild flu-like symptoms. However, immunocompromised individuals or those with chronic lung disease can experience complications, where symptoms can progress to wheezing, breathing difficulty, hoarseness, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
Modes of transmission
HMPV is primarily transmitted from an infected person to others through:
- Microdroplets from coughing and sneezing
- Close personal contact, such as touching or shaking hands
- Coming in contact with items or surfaces contaminated with the virus, then touching the mouth, nose, or eyes.
The incubation period for HMPV typically ranges from three to six days, with most people developing symptoms within this timeframe.
Prevention
Follow these practices to protect yourself and others from HMPV infection:
- Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds with soap and water at regular intervals, especially after returning from outdoors.
- Avoid close contact with individuals who have flu-like symptoms, such as a sore throat, cold, fever, and cough.
- Wash or clean frequently touched items and surfaces.
- Wear masks in crowded areas to prevent droplet transmission.
- If you are unwell, avoid stepping outside to prevent the viral spread.
Health experts strongly recommend that high-risk populations follow these practices diligently, especially during the winter and spring months.
Treatment and management
Currently, there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment for HMPV infection. Prophylaxis and supportive care (to manage the symptoms) are the primary measures for addressing the condition. Some common approaches include.
- Hydration: It’s crucial to drink plenty of water to keep the mucous membranes moist and prevent dehydration.
- Rest: Proper rest is essential, as it allows the body’s immune system to recover.
- Medication: The type of medications prescribed depends on your symptoms and the severity of the illness as determined by your healthcare provider.
HMPV infection usually resolves on its own within a few days or weeks with supportive care. However, it is important to consult a healthcare provider if you or someone close to you develops the characteristic symptoms.
-Content partner Happiest Health